Genetics have a HUGE role in tine length, so does water and feed.
When you have those three things all come together at once......you get the spider bull.
Even on the spider bull, if all those things didn't come together like they did this year, he wouldn't be nearly as impressive as he is, age, genetics or not.
Elk are aged by doing a cross cut section of the teeth, they have growth rings similar to a tree.
Another way to quickly see if a bull has much age on him is to look at the 4th tooth back and see the wear he has.
If you have some other jaws to compare that too, you will have a pretty good estimate on how old he is.
A bull elk is in his prime years from 7-9, but even in those years if things don't all come together, a potential 400" bull may only be a 350".
He may grow great fronts due to a good wet early spring, but if things dry up early, his back end may be "sub par".